Indigenous Australians

Indigenous Australians Introduction Indigenous Australians are scattered across the nation. As of 2006, there are around 517,000 indigenous Australians living in the country out of a total population of around 21 million (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Because of the variety of climate, vegetation and availability of resources in various parts of Australia, indigenous Australians usually move about in bands for protection and mobility. According to the Encyclopedia Brittanica (1980, p.428) this pattern of nomadic existence basically did not change until the arrival of European settlers beginning in 1788. The subsequent interaction and eventual conflict between the two cultures caused major changes in the indigenous Australians culture. Their social organisations were eroded primarily due to population shifts and the attempt to assimilate them into Western society. The latter include the controversial adoption methods when thousands of indigenous Australian children were taken away from their families to be edu cated in Western style schools during the 19th century. Aborigines were also forced to flee constant European influx into their homelands, marked by clashes during the â€Å"pacification campaign† of the 1880s. (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.429) Beginning in 1965, the Australian government eventually changed this policy to integration in a multi-ethnic commonwealth. This was in response to protests by human rights activists and the indigenous Australians themselves complaining against centuries-long discrimination by European settlers. From the 1970s onwards, the Australian government had given Aborigines more self determination rights in governing their affairs especially those among living in indigenous communities. However, despite the granting of more rights to indigenous Aborigines, many experts pointed that social problems such as unemployment, alcoholism and suicide rates still remain a primary concern among the indigenous Australians. This is connected to the fact that many indigenous Australians have migrated to cities especially since the 1970s to look for job opportunities Taylor (2006, p3). General concept of kinship Indigenous Australians, either from both inland and coastal areas have three main features characterizing their social organizations and culture: food gathering tribes are small and mostly depend on gathering-hunting activities, b) members must cooperate with each other for survival and c.) religion plays an important role in the lives of indigenous Australians (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.424). It is generally agreed upon by anthropologists that at the macro-level, the social structure of indigenous Australians, before the coming of Europeans, was based on the following in descending order: tribe, moieties, semi-moieties, sections, sub-sections, and clans. Anthropological studies have concluded that indigenous Australians use this distinction of tribes into sub-groups as a means to govern marriage and social interaction. At the micro-level, indigenous Aborigines classify themselves into local descent groups and hordes which each indigenous Australian identified himself with at the local level. Descent groups are formed by a grouping of individuals claiming patrilineal descent from a common ancestor and practicing exogamous marriages, Hordes, on the other hand, are formed by individuals who gather together for a specific â€Å"business† purpose (Encyclopedia Britannica 1980, 428). Kinship has been defined in various ways by anthropologists. Goudelier, (1998 as cited in Dousett 2001) termed kinship is a â€Å"huge field of social and mental realities stretching between two poles.† In between, Goudelier added, kinship covers abstract and concrete concepts: the abstract aspect covers the various rules and regulations covering interpersonal relationships. As for the concrete aspect, kinship covers the titles used in referring to persons connected to kinship relationships. Meanwhile, Stone (1997 as cited in Dousett 2001) describes kinship as the â€Å"recognition of relationships† between persons according to descent or marriage. Tonkinson (1991 as cited in Dousett 2001) finds kinship as a wide network of relationships, no two of which are related to each other. Dousett (2002) termed kinship as the â€Å"set of norms, rules, institutions and cognitive recognitions† used in referring to inborn or future social relationships of a person and is ad dressed through a specific â€Å"biological idiom† Unlike in the Western concept, kinship among indigenous Australians extends beyond an individuals connection with blood relatives. Tonkinson (1991 cited in Dousett (2001) added that kinship is important in small societies such as those of the indigenous Australians because it defines interpersonal behavior among individuals, compliance of which is essential for a groups survival. Kinship networks also play a role in resource sharing among indigenous Australians. There is an inherent tradition among them that each individual have to share their resources with each other especially in times of need. Schwab and Liddle (1997) pointed out that this is quantified by limitations on when an individual may share or may refuse to share depending on the sharers capacity to give. But both the sharer and the receiver must keep in mind the social implications of their actions on their clans kinship ties, Schwab and Liddle added (1997). Dousett (2002) also mentioned that Aboriginal concept of kinsh ip is different from the Western concept. While the â€Å"Euro-American† concept of kinship is based on direct lineage of an individual to other persons within his community, by contrast indigenous Australians consider kinship also covers relationships based on business transactions. In addition, indigenous Australian kinship serves also as a social control because it also defines how an individual plays a role in society in relation with other members even those who are not of his same lineage. In fact, familial terms (â€Å"father,† â€Å"mother†) can also refer to other older members of the descent group, or clan which an individual may belong. However, kinship terms serves not only as titles for respect but also serves as â€Å"behavioral signals which mark what an individual can or cannot do with regard to personal relationships and expectations of sexual access. This means kinship terms are a vital part in determining the marriage and socialization of ind ividual young members In addition these terms also signify which person can be considered as a spouse or affine (a relative by marriage). Doulett cites Henry Lewis Morgan, an American lawyer-anthropologist, explanation on how indigenous Australian societies kinship systems work. Morgan (1877, 1871 in Doulett 2000) had earlier described in the 19th century that indigenous Australian kinship systems are classificatory. This is because Australian Aborigines consider all persons within a community as related to each other in various ways. Morgan also said that the Australian Aborigines kinship system reflects the initial stages of evolution changes in human society. From the banding together of two or more individuals, this eventually grew into a tribal organization where intermarriage was common, toward the eventual development of a city state. In this evolutionary phase, the Aboriginal kinship system was in the second stage. Socialization, social control: Anthropologists have mentioned that kinship restriction and rules are already visible even during childhood socialization. Aborigine parents train children to socialize with fellow age-group members, and at the same time train them already in the ways of the tribe (e.g. food gathering and hunting.) Young girls went with their mothers to collect food, while young boys were compelled to learn hunting by their own. However, there are certain restrictions in how the children interact with other persons. For instance, brothers and sisters would play separately from each other, while â€Å"mothers-in-law† and â€Å"sons in law† would not play together. (the latter would apply when a young man groomed to marry a female is compelled to live in the camp of his pairs family. ) (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.426). In terms of authority, leadership is based on the scope of an elders kinship network. Hence, for more complex matters, such as arbitration in disputes, elders of a clan gather together to discuss and reach a consensus over these issues. (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.427). However, kinship systems do not restrict social mobility when it comes to social classes or strata. While there is a hierarchy where young Aborigines have to pass as they learn various skills, indigenous Australian society as a whole allows individuals to excel in religious and economic affairs primarily through their own efforts and skills. (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.427). Kinship and marriage Marriage among indigenous Australians cements the role of kinship as more than just linking personal relationships between and among members of a moietie, clan or tribe. It serves also as a kind of social negotiation between one unit with another on virtually all social matters ranging from arranging future marriages between the clans members and transaction of barter trades. Marriage between two individuals also reaffirms ties between groups which already have preordained tasks and obligations even before the marriage is consummated formally. Indigenous Australians have also used marriage to compel the other clan to provide spouses for future marriages. This may explain why the practice in some moiety to compel its members to marry a member from another particular moiety. Houseman (2007) had said in his study that â€Å"Marriage is a product of social constructs.† To elaborate further, marriage is also linking other individuals together by virtue of linking the bride and the groom in a socially sanctified wedding ritual. These individuals, because they are related either to the bride and groom, are by implication, now related also through affinity. This linkage is based on what anthropologists have enunciated as the intertwining of kinship ties and marriage ties. With regard to this remark on marriage, Houseman explored in his study how indigenous Australians construct and maintain marriage networks as a form of promoting social stability among themselves. In his study, Houseman theorized that indigenous Australians practice marriage as a confluence of various social and personal factors and that marriages are interlinked through a circular pattern from core marriages to outer marriages. He also distinguishes some marriage determinants, which include: â€Å"deliminated marriage network,† â€Å"core of deliminated marriage network,† â€Å"matrimonial community,† and â€Å"connobium.† Houseman (2007) defines deliminated marriage network as a web of relationships extracted from a larger grouping and is formed by the confluence of tribe-and clan-based perspectives on marriage. This means that from a particular community or clan, there is a specific network from which all persons related to the couple to be married are connected in some way. On the other hand, â€Å"core of deliminated marriage networks comprises of genealogical circuits of the â€Å"reconnected marriage,† meaning these are lineages among individuals which have been re-linked with the marriage of two individual Aborigines. The determinant â€Å"matrimonial community pertains to the set of non- intermarrying individuals who are related to each other through core marriages. Springing from this concept is the connobium which refers to the connection of non-intermarrying individuals to each other through multiple core marriages. However, Aboriginal moieties and clans do not intermarry just because they have to maintain close ties with each other Houseman (2007). Evidence suggested by previous research suggest that moieties and clans intermarry with other tribal sub-units because that these groups can be relied upon in maintaining the land, guarding it from intrusion by other groups, are able to share knowledge about the land, and that they can perform certain rituals according to specific occasions. Kinship after colonization; contemporary times The onslaught of modern ideas due to colonization and Westernization has wrought major changes in indigenous Australians culture. Experts noted that the destruction or even at least alteration of kinship networks has left many individual Aborigines grappling with culture shock Those who may not have been able to adjust well to the realities of modern Australian life have resorted to alcoholism, and suicide as desperate attempts to escape their problems, studies have shown. Studies by Daly and Smith (1997) and Hunter and Gray(1999) cited figures showing that indigenous Australians suffer higher rates of poverty and at the lower end of the income gap with non-Aboriginal Australians even as recent as the 1990s. One factor which affected the kinship systems of Australian indigenous peoples is the fact that many if not most of them already been intermixed with European blood. In addition they may have been heavily influenced by the Western culture that they encounter in the cities. As mentioned early in this essay, beginning in the 19th century many Aborigines have either moved from their homelands in search of jobs or were forced to flee European incursion into their lands. In fact until the 1990s, many Australian cities saw continued influx of indigenous Australians even as these cities also reported net migration losses.(Taylor, 2006 p.63) Hence many of the indigenous Australians were either the products of interracial marriage or had intermarried into European families (as in the case of African-Americans in the United States during the slave trade-era.). In addition as the indigenous Australians moved in the cities they had to deal with a different culture system where the emphasis is on individual excellence. But since they are away from their ancestral lands, they also lacked support systems, both in terms of providing material and emotional assistance, whenever they encounter problems in finding jobs, places to live. etc. Another more profound determinant in the alteration of Aborigine social systems is the compelled enrollment of Aborigine children to schools (especially the ones who were adopted by White families). Because the curriculum of these schools are centered on European culture, many Aborigine children tend to be assimilated by intensely studying European-style subjects and the English language. As a result, they have to uproot themselves from the traditional way of life and culture that they had experienced in their tribes. A Portrait of Life and Self Destruction Layton (2007) revealed many aspects on modern-day problems at the end of the 20th century in his review of the book Aboriginal Suicide is Different: A Portrait of Life and Self Destruction. While reviewing the 2005 book by Colin Tatz, Layton discussed some factors behind Aborigines suicides even though medical research concluded that there were no considerable patterns of mental illnesses among them distinctive from Australias general population. Layton added that overall rates for unemployment, drug abuse, and alcoholism were similar for both Aboriginal and non Aboriginal populations, so this would not factor likely as the root cause behind the suicide rates among Aborigines. He said that this may be explained by the fact that during the 1980s, the social organization of many Aboriginal tribes and clans had been destroyed by the intrusion of modern culture and also by government policies of allowing Aborigines to depend on state sponsored welfare. Layton, quoting Tatz as suggesting that Aborigines be given more literacy training, â€Å"personal empowerment,† highlighting positive roles of Aborigines in community development etc . Meanwhile Wooten (2002, p. 78) believed that the reason behind continued poverty among Aborigines is that the policy of self-determination, enunciated in the 1980s, has only worsened the dependency of many indigenous Australians on the federal and state governments. He recommends that the government instead concentrate on training Aborigines in adjusting to the realities and problems of modern living. To explain his point, Wooten used the metaphor of prison camp to highlight Australias situation on Aborigines According to the anthropology professor, while the prisoners were supposed to have been freed since they federal government grant self determination to them in the 1980s, the policy may have proved to be a motivation for many â€Å"prisoners (ie Aborigines) to remain inside the â€Å"prison.† What he suggests is that he government train the Aborigines to eventually get out of the â€Å"prison.† In addition, he commented that organizations founded by the government and private sector to help alleviate the widespread poverty among Aborigines should a.) be judged according to their performance and not because no indigenous Australians were reportedly sitting inside; while b) their shortcomings in supporting the indigenous Australians should not be overseen With renewed attempts among many Aborigines to reclaim their heritage, aside from seeking damages due to the â€Å"assimilation† policy,† there also arises the need for Aborigines to once again study their clan or tribes kinship systems. Doulet (2002) also mentioned that there is a need for indigenous Australians to know more about the kinship systems of their particular tribe or clan (whatever may be the case), especially if they want to regain ancestral land which were seized by European settlers during the 19th century. This is because modern legal jurisprudence demands that claimants must know about the size and legal details of the property in dispute for them to be able to back up their claims stronger. Based from the findings of these three anthropology experts, this writer opines that a) European colonisation and the subsequent implementation of the â€Å"assimilation† policy did considerably damage the indigenous Australians kinship systems Because each tribes kinship system had a relatively small scope covering only certain number of moieties, groups, clans, these were not able to withstand changes wrought by the arrival of the Europeans: population losses, expulsion from ancestral lands, introduction of new kinds of work, Europeanization. As we have seen, the indigenous Australians kinship system relies mainly on personalistic ties between clans, as shown in the use of marriage to bind two separate groups. On the other hand, it is to the credit of the Australian government that major policy changes have been made with regard to indigenous Australians. From the 1965 decree allowing Aborigines to choose if they want to be assimilated to the 1980s order giving self determination among them until the present day system of training them for capacity development through government funded organizations, the federal and state governments have been trying to make up for two centuries of racial discrimination. This writer agrees, however, that the Aborigines themselves must also help themselves in integrating into Australian society. They may actively participate in the abovementioned training programs in order to develop their skills. Or they eventually join the organisations running those programs so that they can have a greater voice in decision-making processes which concern their welfare. But it is important also that the Aborigines, especially the educated ones, should revisit the kinship networks of their clans to see if they can still be readjusted in line with contemporary developments. This is because while the indigenous Australians are, theoretically, integrated into a multi-ethnic society, still they have a unique culture which they cannot discard in the name of cosmopolitanism. Conclusion This essay has shown the various factors influencing indigenous Australians kinship systems, how the latter affect the social and economic aspects of daily living and how these has changed in the past centuries This essay has also pointed out that both the federal government and the indigenous Australians play important roles in mitigating damages caused by colonisation on indigenous Australian kinship networks. Primary References: 1.Book 1980 Australian Aboriginal Cultures chapter in Encyclopedia Brittanica, pp.424-429 2.Journals Layton, R., 2007. Aboriginal Suicide is Different: A Portrait of Life and Self Destruction. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol.13. Houseman, M.1997. Marriage Networks among Australian Aboriginal Populations Australian Aboriginal Studies, vol.1997. Wooten H. 2002. Indigenous Futures: Choices and Development for Aboriginer and Islander Australian Aboriginal Studies, vol. 2002, p.78. Websites Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2009 Population Distribution, Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islanders Australians [Online] Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/ProductsbyCatalogue/14E7A4A075D53A6CCA2569450007E46C?OpenDocument [Accessed 25 July 2009]. Daly, A. Smith, D 1997 Indigenous sole parents: Invisible and disadvantaged [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/DP/1997DP134.php [Accessed 26 July 2009]. Dousset, L. 2002 Introduction to Australian Indigenous Social Organizations (Hitting the headlines article). [Online] Available at: http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/kinship2.php[Accessed 25 July 2009]. Dousset, L. 2001 What is Kinship?: A collection of quotes (Hitting the headlines article). [Online] Available at: http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/kinship2.php[Accessed 25 July 2009]. Hunter, B., Gray, M 1999 Income fluctuations over the lifecycle: A cohort analysis of indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, 1986-96 [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/DP/1999DP183.php [Accessed 26 July 2009]. Schwab, J., Liddle, L (ed.)1997 Principles and Implications of Aboriginal Sharing [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/briefs/1997IB17.php [Accessed 26 July 2009]. Taylor, J. 2006 Population and diversity: Policy implications of emerging indigenous demographic trends [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/DP/2006DP283.php [Accessed 26 July 2009].

Management on Middle Adulthood

Middle adulthood begins at the age of 40 – 60. This is a time when you can†t believe where the time went. It seems like just yesterday you were graduating from college, got married, and had children. Your children are now approaching young adulthood, pushing you into the next stage of life, middle adulthood. You look in the mirror and all the signs of middle age are starting to set in. You notice wrinkles, gray hair, flabby skin and you†re having trouble reading the menu. You begin to reassess you life. Are you happy with what you have accomplished in life so far? Do you have good family relationships? Is your career on track? Are you happy with yourself? There are many conflicts with both men and women during this period of life. One conflict very important to both men and women is the bodily issue. Our body weight starts to change. Fat seems to be redistributed to the hips, stomach and trunk; our complexions become drier and wrinkles start to appear. Our skin doesn†t seem to be as resilient as it was in our 20†³s and 30†³s. In women there is a drop in bone mass, due to the slow depletion of estrogen. Menopause is fast approaching, followed up with all the negative health complications that follow this phase. This is the beginning of a slowness of our psychomotor performance. Our reaction time to specific situations is not as quick, and our physical stamina is not as strong as it used to be. All these developments affect how men and women feel about themselves. Particularly women, begin to interpret these changes in a negative way. Some view themselves as sexually unattractive. Men, on the other hand, don†t seem to be as concerned about their physical appearance, since society has placed much of the physical importance on the women. This is a time where we need to accept these failings and move towards more important issues. This is also a time when men and women become more health conscious. We all know of the major diseases that cause premature deaths during middle adulthood, such as cancer and heart disease. When you†re a young adult, you don†t think about these health issues as you would during middle adulthood. There is more of a concern to take better care of our health, such as heathy diets, cardiovascular activity, resistance training, and not smoking. We might be better prepared for later adulthood, if we lead a healthy lifestyle. We start to realize our mortality. As most people live to be about 85, we realize that at 40, we†re almost half-way there. During this time, there may be turmoil in the family, marital distress, and general dissatisfaction with our lives. Many people during this time go through what we call the â€Å"mid-life crisis†. A mid-life crisis may be caused by many different issues. During the early 30†³s, the woman†s primary duty is child rearing and may also be pursuing a career. Most men focus on their job careers. Sometimes these two people are heading in the same direction, but may be on two different parallel roads. Men may realize their mortality and may express their turmoil and self doubts by reverting to adolescent type behavior. Some men may accept new relations with younger women as a way of dealing with their conflicts. Some women may also suffer from self doubt and their inevitable mortality during their 40†³s, but various studies have indicated that women can manifest a mid-life crisis during their early 30†³s, 40†³s and 60†³s. This is also a time when men and women assess their careers by questioning whether or not they still enjoy their career choices and their achievement in the chosen field. If not, maybe it†s time to make improvements, such as furthering your education, improving intellectually, which will make an individual more marketable. When women go through a mid-life crisis, their crisis evolves around interpersonal relationships in the family rather than aging. Men seem to be more involved with the aging factor. Women may go through the 'empty nest† syndrome. Their children are becoming young adults and leaving the ‘nest†. For some women, that have devoted most of their time to child rearing with a small amount devoted to career, this may be a very difficult time. This leaves just you and your husband. A time for reacquaintance and renewal of your relationship. As we progress into the 40†³s. we also see an emergence of more feminine/masculine aspects of self. Women start to take on a more masculine qualities, such as assertiveness and independence; while men tend to move towards a more calm, intimate status. I have touched upon some of the major conflicts of middle adulthood. For most people this can be a smooth transition and for others there may be difficulties. I believe that the 40†³s – 60†³s is a time to reassess your life, to check and balance, and to go forward to one†s later adulthood.

Literary Analysis of Macbeth Essay

The scene opens to Macbeth contemplating to himself about the murder that he and Lady Macbeth are planning. He starts off by saying , â€Å"If it were done when ’tis done, then ’twere well It were done quickly â€Å" This means that if Macbeth can guarantee that no difficulties happen from the murder, and the murder can be done so no evidence is left, then it would be best to kill Duncan and kill him quickly. He wants to get the deed over with as soon as possible. This exposes Macbeth’s reluctance, denial and periphrasis of murdering Duncan, because he refers to the murder simply as â€Å"it†. Diction becomes significant because instead of referring to the murder as â€Å"the murder†, he refers to it as â€Å"it.†He is trying to avoid saying murder, because he is very hesitant about murdering Duncan. The verb â€Å"to do† is used in with many different meanings in this sentence. By replacing all the meanings of done in the sentence you get If it were finished with when ’tis accomplished, then ’twere well It were performed quickly. By using the verb â€Å"to do† it also adds to Macbeths reluctance to commit the murder because he just wants to get the deed over with. Macbeth continues saying if th’ assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch With his surcease success, that but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here,† This means that the murder must have no consequences and must can be the with the end of success. By referring to the murder as â€Å"assassination,† it illustrates Macbeth’s departure from periphrasis. It shows he is no longer going in circles about the committing the murder. He again does not refer to the murder as â€Å"the murder,† but refers to it as â€Å"assassination, surcease, and the blow.† This might indicate that he might not be totally out of periphrasis, and still doubts killing Duncan because he can’t say murder or kill. The diction, â€Å"if† to start off the first two sentences indicates the possibility of not going through with the crime. Shakespeare uses the diction â€Å"trammel up† which refers to catching something in a net. In context, it means to catch the wicked â€Å"consequences† in a net. This creates powerful imagery and personifies â€Å"consequences† as if they can be cached in a net. Alliteration of the letter â€Å"s† is used when Macbeth says â€Å"surcease success.† This denotes snake imagery because snakes make hissing noises, and the letter â€Å"s† sounds like a snake’s  hiss. This indicates Macbeth’s wickedness for considering Duncan’s murder, because snakes are usually associated with evil. When Macbeth says, â€Å"be-all and end-all† it shows that Duncanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s murder will be the best of the best and the most essential factor for Macbeth’s success. As Macbeth continues his soliloquy however, we hear a sudden change in his thinking. He says, â€Å"But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, We’ld jump the life to come. But in these cases We still have judgment here, that we but teach Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return To plague the inventor.† The word â€Å"But† indicates that he is changing his thinking. When he says, â€Å"bank and shoal of time,† it is a metaphor fro life itself, because sandbars when constantly plagued with wave after wave from the sea, eventually crumble, so does our life. If Macbeth kills the king he acknowledges the fate of his soul in the afterlife by saying, â€Å"jump the life to come.† This reveals Macbeth clearly as a Christian, because he acknowledges he will be accountable for his deeds and may be sent to hell. This is ironic partly because his â€Å"dearest partner of Greatness,† Lady Macbeth is a pagan spirit worshiper and believes in the power of spirits. This also reveals Macbeths yearning and belief that he should be king, because he uses â€Å"We† when he is speaking singularly about himself. This type of â€Å"we† is called the royal we and is used by kings. By using â€Å"we† Macbeth not only recognizes his hunger to be king, but also reveals that he will do anything including murdering Duncan to become king. The line, â€Å"return To plague the inventor† is like the Hindu philosophy of Karma, which is that the effects of all deeds will come back, making you responsible for your own life, and the pain and joy you bring to others. Macbeth realizes and accepts that he will be punished for Duncan’s murder. Macbeth continues to say, â€Å"This even-handed justice Commends the ingredients of our poison’d chalice To our own lips. He’s here in double trust; First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself† Over here Macbeth acknowledges the justice of Karma by saying it is â€Å"even- handed. He knows that if he kills Duncan, whether by poison or stabbing or explosion, then he will have the same destruction because others  might want the kingship and they might kill him to get it. This could also be an allusion to the witch’s prediction that Banquo’s sons will become king. Maybe Banquo’s sons will kill Macbeth just like Macbeth killed the king. This possible foreshadowing is the even handed justice that Macbeth might be referring to. Macbeth again uses the royal we to denote his passion for the kingship. Even though he is not king yet, he still believes that he is king. Soon however, Macbeth begins to list the reasons not to kill Duncan. This supports Shakespeare’s theory that people are essentially good because Macbeth used reason to go back to virtue. He says, â€Å"He’s here in double trust: First as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed.† Macbeth is Duncan’s cousin, and he has sworn allegiance to Duncan as his king. These are powerful arguments against the murder. Another reason why murdering Duncan would be wrong, is because Macbeth is † his host† When you visit someone house, you expect them to protect you. For example, this would be like me having a sleepover and me murdering everyone there. I am supposed to protect the people, not back stab them. As Macbeth concludes his soliloquie, he says, â€Å"Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been So clear in his great office, that his virtues Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against The deep damnation of his taking-off; And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven’s cherubins, horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air, Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself And falls on the other —â€Å" Duncan is depicted as a saintly, good, virtuous king who has governed well. If Duncan is murdered, the angels in consequence would vociferously speak out against the awful murder and would let everybody know who did it and how. Heavy imagery is used by Shakespeare here to portray the king as some flawless individual who is comparable to angels. The personification of â€Å"A naked newborn babe† to pity creates powerful imagery. Babies are sinless so this would mean that pity is needed to commit the murder. Macbeth must have pity for Duncan, or he will never be able to carry out the plan to murder him. The ultimate hyperbole is used when Macbeth says, â€Å" heaven’s cherubins, horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air, Shall blow the horrid deed in  every eye, That tears shall drown the wind† This portrays Duncan’s righteous and kindness to the point that the universe will feel bad at the death of Duncan, to the point that people will cry so much that the wind would not be able to blow anymore. Macbeth metaphorically imagines he is on an invincible horse, without eyes that will still deliver the message of the murder as a courier. He is going to need a â€Å"spur† to make the horse go faster to go above any difficulties he might encounter. While he is on his way back to virtue and thoughts of not killing the king, Lady Macbeth interrupts him as illustrated by the punctuation â€Å"-â€Å" Maybe Macbeth would have fully overcome the wicked intentions he had of killing the king if Lady Macbeth did not come. However because she interrupted him on his journey back to virtue, she left a small crack open, which could increases back to murderous thoughts. Macbeth is deeply troubled by the terror of murdering Duncan, who is his cousin, a honest man, and a loyal friend. Macbeth’s greatest obstacle in the way of killing Duncan is the guilt he has towards the deed.

Web Based Assignment Micro Financing - 1369 Words

Web-Based Assignment Poverty, hunger, and malnutrition remain rampant across the world today. Countries such as Africa and Asia are struggling with high numbers of poverty and malnutrition, which is causing millions of men, women, and children to face death under the everlasting shadow of poverty. In order to eradicate the darkness of poverty, companies and institutions are taking up different initiatives to help those in poverty stricken countries. One such initiative is known as micro financing, which was created by a Bangladeshi economist, Muhammad Yunus. Micro financing are small loans given to people in poor countries who want to start a business or need some financial assistance. A famous website for micro financing is Kiva.org, which has been lending money to people since 2005 and has witnessed great success in doing so. The website has made the process of lending money to individual extremely simple and it is something that any individual can partake in. For example, If I wan ted to lend some money to any of the numerous entrepreneurs on the website than I would first begin by choosing the lend category. After this, the website will list some of the most popular buyers on the right hand side and as of now, Emperatriz De Amà ©rica Group, which is a group of women who want to borrow money to buy fish. The website lets the lenders sort through different types of borrowers based upon how much money they are in need of. The one thing I liked the most about the website isShow MoreRelatedInidan Telecom Sector2968 Words   |  12 Pages[pic] CORPORATE STRATEGY ASSIGNMENT -1 (Industry Type : Telecom Sector) Why Telecom Sector ? [pic] Telecom Sector is a service sector. Telecom services have been recognized as a very essential means for social as well as economical expansion for a nation and hence telecom sector is treated as a key factor to achieve the social as well as economic objectives in India. Revenue for the telecommunications sectorRead MoreTax System in Bangladesh2828 Words   |  12 Pageshighlights on our practical experience in different types and categories ‘Tax System’ especially Tax System of Bangladesh. During our working period, we tried to gather information from different sources like News Paper, web sites. But the NBR does not provide information in the web site directly and even it does not publish tax structure which is implemented in Bangladesh . So, we have taken much information about tax on the basis of our personal concept and view of Tax System of Bangladesh. To completeRead MoreSocial Work Ethics3451 Words   |  14 Pagesthrough that action (Shardlow 1989:p2) This assignment will discuss this statement by outlining how professional interpretation emerges from the way dilemmas between different values are resolved. The assignment considers a number of social work values including ‘Respect to persons’ and ‘Self-Determinism’. Guidelines on ethical practice are included because their role in determining action based social work is significant. 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Under its capital market service, Dhaka Bank provides undertaking of initial public offering, advising safe custody of share for the investors etc. 1.1 Origin of the Report This report is assigned by Zakir Ahamed Zakir, Instructor, MBA Division, Bangladesh University of Professionals. The report is a group assignment as a part of the course, Financial Institute Market (F-604), forRead MoreInternship Report on City Bank Limited18288 Words   |  74 Pageswould help them in taking up more professional courses in M.BA. As a student of B.B.A, I have assigned to B.B. Avenue branch, The City Bank Ltd. for my internship. As MY program director directed us to present the report in different way that will be based on the personal observations from each department. I have described each department I have worked in by following way: (1) Understanding: In this part I have tried to make acquaintance with the departments I have worked of this branch. 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Finding the Best Journal Research Paper Writing Service

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Internet Assignment - 1358 Words

Internet Assignment 1 EC400 Fundamental Electronic Commerce October 27th, 2012 Internet Assignment 1 How is the EC world influencing in small and large firms? Everyday more and more firms are getting involved in the e-commerce world and each of them organizes its information in a different way so they can satisfy their customers. I will analyze some firms and the way their information is arranged. 1. Enter http://www.bigboxx.com/default.asp?rand=0.9165380884126727 and identify the services the company provides to its customers. What type of EC is this? What business model(s) does Big-boxx use? This company sells products that are used in the day to day activities in an office (office and school supplies). This is†¦show more content†¦The methods of payment are direct debit, advance payment, credit card and pay pal. * E-Ticket follows the way of doing business of the previous sites offering to the customer the opportunity of printing the tickets, get an account to receive information about future events but the difference is that E-ticket works in a local way. * SuperBoletos services includes mobile application to know about the events, the buying of the tickets is the same as the others sites having the customer the opportunity to buy them online, or via customer service, also they guarantee the security of customers information. 9. Enter www.onstar.com/us_english/jsp/index.jsp. What fleet services does OnStar provide? Do they differ from the services OnStar provides to individual car owners? This company offers the service of maintenance for vehicles that are used for business purposes. It provides a review of the five main systems of the vehicles which are engine, transmission, anti-lock brakes, emissions and airbags by sending a monthly report to the fleet manager with detailed information about the vehicle such as remaining oil gas and open recalls for example. For the individual car owners the company offers maintenance as well plus someShow MoreRelatedAssignment Cover Sheet : Programme Advanced Internet Development4584 Words   |  19 Pages Whitireia New Zealand(Auckland Campus) Faculty of Business Information Technology ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET PROGRAMME ADVANCED INTERNET DEVELOPMENT COURSE CODE IT7*11 ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 1 ( MILESTONE 1) TUTOR NAME ROHINI DUTT STUDENT ID 21502156 STUDENT NAME VISHAL WADHWA DUE DATE 13 JULY 2015 DATE SUBMITTED 12 JULY 2014 I certify that this is my own work: Student Signature NB: Assignments will not be accepted without a certification signature. Refer to the BInfoTech handbook for information onRead MoreInternet Marketing Assignment1607 Words   |  7 Pages26. Add the option of User-generated content on your website These days, people like discussions on real time than just reading blogs. It can a great help in marketing your brand if you allow your customers and third party users to share their experiences and discuss things with other people and take real advises from old customers. You can just add a separate page with the name something like â€Å"Write for us† on your website. 27. Do guest blogging In this time of tough competition in the online worldRead MoreAssignment 1 : Questions And Answers On The Internet718 Words   |  3 Pages #1 Today at 5:09 AM NEW What rank are you applying for?: Helper What is your age?: 13 Whats your IGN?: _LuckyMc What is your gender identity?: Male What country do you live in?: United States of America Do you have a YouTube or Twitch channel?: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbsHng-3AI-dmGJmOwsIzLQ?view_as=subscriber Do you have a microphone/headset?: Both Why do you want this rank?: I want this rank because people always complain that there arent staff online and If I were staff i couldRead MoreUni 12 Internet Marketing Assignment 27972 Words   |  32 PagesInternet Marketing Assignment 2 Jack Simpson Introduction (P4) In internet marketing assignment 2 I am going to be describing the benefits and the opportunities of using internet marketing. 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In order to find whichRead MoreInternet Research Assignment : High Teen Pregnancy Rate908 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Research Assignment The first article came from the Dallas Observer and is titled, â€Å"Here’s How to Fix Texas’ Sky-High Teen Pregnancy Rate† (http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/heres-how-to-fix-texas-sky-high-teen-pregnancy-rate-7626551). The author of the article, Eric Nicholson, is extremely critical of Texas’ sexual education program and voices his criticism with heavy use of sarcasm. This September 28, 2015 article was prompted by Texas’ recent decision to provide low-income teenagersRead MoreWeek 4 Assignment Internet Tools at Dirt Bikes1133 Words   |  5 PagesInternet Tools at Dirt Bikes Many organizations use the Internet and the Web technology to make their business more productive, efficient, and to cut cost. Developing a central information system or IS, is vital to organizing and storing information pertaining to all company processes. 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Report on Changes to Be Made to the Better off Overall Test In HRM

Question: Discuss about the Report on Changes to Be Made to the Better off Overall Test. Answer: Report Changes to Be Made to the Better off Overall Test The better off overall test is an essential requirement for an enterprise agreement. If the agreement applies to award covered employees, the FWA requires that the Fair Work Commission must be contented that each of them is better off overall. This test commenced operation on 1st January 2010, and this is the same time that modern awards commenced operation. The requirement of the better off overall must be met at the time of testing. While FWA provides that Fair Work Commission can approve an agreement that does not comply with this law, it can happen in isolated cases. The tribunal can approve an agreement if it deems that it is not contrary to the interest of the public. According to the law, one instance when an approval can be acceptable is if it is part a sound plan to sort put a short-term crisis as well as to help in the revival of the business of an employer who is covered by this agreement. The Better off overall test is perfect on paper. Since the enactment of the Fair Work Act, there have been many cases that point to the fact that this law is failing the better off overall test. Many industries find it difficult to implement the policy and remain profitable, and both the court and the FWC has made rulings that leave employers uncertain whether their practices are legitimate. It is for the reason that I write this report to the President of the Fair Work Commission advising him on several changes that I consider should be made to BOOT. Unprecedented Changes in the Application of BOOT Problems in the Retail and Hospitality Industries Many industries have experience difficulty implementing this new policy. In particular, the current occurrences in the retail and hospitality industries are an indicator that all is not well and storm might be brewing in these industries and many other industries. In early 2016, enterprise bargaining in the retail and hospitality industries ground to a halt (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The combined effect of increased attention to BOOT and uncertainty over penalty rates were, in part, responsible for this problem. Other factors that have made these industries to face their most challenging moment are the critical changes in the retailing and the increased attention to award compliance. Unfortunately, the implications have extended to the entire community as well (Coorey Marin-Gunzman, 2017; Watson 2017). The nature of this protection device is connected with enterprise bargaining in these industries. Enterprise bargaining offers larger businesses opportunities to modify their award obligations and maximize their profits at opening times. For the past 25 years, many enterprises have used this approach to thrive in the market (Mathur Kenyon 2008). This trend makes the future of business to look good with the increased implementation of BOOT. However, it became apparent in 2016 that an enterprise agreement is no longer possible to have an enterprise agreement approved simply because a union has given its name to it (Stewart, 2011). Undertakings No longer Helps A Full Court of the Federal Court ruled last year that the Full Bench of the FWC failed to exclusively consider whether an agreement met the requirements of the BOOT. The case in question was the approval of the MSS Security OLD Enterprise Agreement 2014-2018. United Voices argued in court that the agreement could not satisfy the Fair Work Commission as it puts employees in a position that is better off overall. For this to happen, the agreement ought to have put employees at a greater advantage than the modern enterprise award that applies to those employees (Better Off Overall Test, n.d.; Creighton Stewart, 2010). United Voices observed that the implementation of the Agreement would make some employees receive below award entitlements, which would, for that matter be worse off. The union also noted that the undertakings that the commission to use to address this did not adequately solve the shortcomings. After an extensive court battle, the court ruled that circumstances, where undertakings can be used to address deficiencies in Agreements, are restricted. The courted continued to say that an employer cannot easily resolve a failure to meet the better off overall test by making undertakings (Undertakings Insufficient, 2017; United Voice v MSS Security Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 124, 2016). Only Easy to Understand Evidence Counts The Fair Work Commission rejected another landmark enterprise agreement in May 2016, and this has left employers confused whether their employees are better off overall. One member of the Fair Work Commission initially approved Coles Store Team Enterprise Agreement 2014-2017. However, a Full Bench of the Commission later rejected it on the basis that the assertions could not convince them that the higher ordinary rate of pay as well as the additional entitlements that the agreement offered meant each ward-covered employee would be better of overall. Since the agreement would increase the casual loading to 25 percent and the pay rate for 17 and 18 years olds to 60 percent and 70 percent respectively, Coles argued it was a better deal. The Agreement would also create a provision for casual and non-trades to allow them to take home payment for any four-week roster cycle (Winckworth, 2016). Commissioner Bull was concerned that the consultation clause contained in the Agreement did not meet the required standards as regards consultation on changes to the ordinary hours of work of employees. However, according to Coles, another clause in the document met that particular criteria and they provided an undertaking that employees would be represented during all consultation processes regarding changes to these matters. These reasons consequently persuaded Commissioner Bull. For many enterprises, this means they could use undertakings to meet BOOT (Kollmorgen Naughton, 2009; Brooke, 2016). However, this approval did not save the situation as a Full Bench overruled this commissioners approval in May 2016. The Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union and an individual employee, Duncan Hart, appealed the decision, and Full Bench had to sit to determine its legitimacy. In the end, the Full Bench overturned Commissioner Bulls approval and came up with six main points to justify its decision to do so (Commercial Law Australia, 2016; Tredwell Silcock, 2016). The Full Bench held that though the stores that employed eight employees, which was presented as evidenced, did not operate on a 24 hours basis as Coles stores did, they were a representation of the operating circumstances at most Coles stores. The Full Bench considered these employees to be among the most disadvantaged individuals on wages. This unfairness in pay was attributed to the hours they were forced to work, and the commission ruled that these employees lost between $782 and $3,506 annually on wages alone (Commercial Law Australia, 2016). Another area of the commissions concern was wage increases. The Full Bench noted that the wage increases offered were relevant considerations. However, it warned that the wage increases are of only limited significance as not all employees who were enrolled at test time would remain in employment throughout the entire period of the Agreement. The Full Bench also noted that the future award increases were unknown (Pallot, 2016; Ellison, 2012). Additionally, the Full Bench considered the impact of longer rest breaks on the welfare of the eight employees. Under the Award, employees have a rest break of 10 minutes. However, this Agreement provided 15 minutes. The Commission considered that the longer rest break that was provided was unlikely to represent a financial advantage. This reasoning was founded on the belief that the 10 minutes provided under the Award was allowed for shifts of at least four hours, but the 15 minutes was provided for shifts of more than four hours (Stewart, 2011). There were also some more generous entitlements. Coles Agreement provided employees with several benefits that were intended to make the contract more beneficial to employees. Some of these benefits include pre-approved leave arrangements, carers leave, redundancy pay, ability to take blood donor leave, accident makeup pay, natural disasters leave, defense service leave, and emergency services leave (Stewart, 2011). Concerning pre-approved arrangements leave, defense service leave as well as blood donor leave, Coles was of the opinion that it was 50 percent of the benefit of accessing each form of leave on a yearly basis was a reasonable ground to value these benefits. However, this argument could not hold since Coles failed to provide any evidence in its support. The Commission held that it was not reasonable to assume that all employees would have equal access to those benefits (Tredwell Silcock, 2016). The Full Bench found it appropriate to accord these additional benefits high regard. However, it had reservations regarding attributing a financial value to them given that employees were unlikely to use the benefits uniformly. It went on to point out that if a value were attributed to them, it would assign that value 10 percent of the total (Winter Smeaton, 2012). The Executive Manager of Fire Emergency Management put forward evidence that employees who volunteered to work for the Country Fire Authority would find the emergency services leave to be of great value. Coles, on his part, failed to provide any evidence as to the probability of employees accessing that leave. The Full Bench considered the provisions that provided domestic violence support supported individual wellbeing, supported workers to remain employed but still be able to manage their caring responsibilities reasonable. It also considered it reasonable to consider supported employees in undertaking some viable non-work activities like study. However, the Full Bench said that it was close to unfeasible to quantify these benefits, and, therefore, it concluded that these provisions were beneficial for employees, but some aspects of Award offered greater flexibility and security than the Agreement did (Le Mare Forsyth, 2016). The Full Bench also raised some concerns regarding the employees views. The Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association brought to the attention of the Full Bench that closes to 90 percent of the employees who took part in the voting exercise voted up the Agreement. The Full Bench accepted the associations submission that the views of the employees were relevant. However, it also provided that the level of income is a vital aspect that can help determine the level of access to study and other life choices. The Full Bench found that Coles had failed to satisfy the better off overall test (Le Mare Forsyth, 2016). The Commission found it appropriate to accept undertakings from Coles that either reduced the number of working hours that attracted penalty that an employee could work or made sure employees rostered to work more hours that could attract penalty rates would be paid more under the Agreement than under the Award. When Coles refused to provide these undertakings, the Full Bench overturned the earlier decision to approve the Agreement (Dessler, 2012; Le Mare Forsyth, 2016). Conclusion The Coles case and that of the United Voices left employers looking for evidence to take to the Fair Work Commission to demonstrate that each of their employees that is covered by an Agreement is better off overall. They have learned that only employers who present adequate evidence in an easy to understand and progressive way have high chances of the commission approving their Agreements. However, employers who need to pay award rates or rates that are very close to the award must take adequate care when working towards offsetting deficiencies in financial entitlements with enhanced contingent entitlements. Numerous practices have emerged over the past few years in this particular respect. In the labor hire industry, for example, many provisions that tend to buy out sundry award allowances with an all up Better Off Overall Test- style allowance is relatively common. Practices like that one at Coles where employers want to change elements that many people consider to be outdated penalty rate systems, especially for after hours work or weekends, are quite popular. Agreement that seeks to accomplish these things can succeed, but like many other things, how an employer handles them can mean either success or failure. The main factor is that for an enterprise agreement to hold, it must provide every employee that it covers to be better off overall when compared to the relevant awards. In a market where most employers are putting into great consideration their employment costs, the Coles ruling helps to show that this can be a quite challenging exercise in enterprise bargaining. This ruling also helps to establish that a small group of well-organized employees can stand in the way of these agreements covering large national employers against the desires of the majority of people in the workforce. As a result, employers need to take considerable care to ensure new enterprise agreements have the right benefits for all categories of employers to ensure the better off overall test is met and the agreement approved. The failure of awards that knocked down penalty rates for some employers has contributed to the removal of the traditional advantage of the better off overall test. Today, it is common practice to find the commission applying the better off overall test more strictly against enterprise awards that do not comply with retail opening hours, which also makes the implementation of the Agreements a great challenge. Recommendations Many industries are facing their most challenging moments because of the rapid changes in retailing, increased attention to award compliance, and uncertainty over penalty rates. While employers have a responsibility to try to minimize the effect of these changes on their businesses, their efforts are limited, and the Fair Work Commission need to come it to save the situation. The chairman of the commission needs to lead this process and ensure several changes is made to the law. The Commission should encourage real consideration of options such as a reduced pay floor long-term unemployed. In the current penalty rate debate, no one is representing their interests, yet they need viable sources of income. The commission should also draft policies that will ensure enterprise bargaining returns to the retail sector. The past rulings have indicated that enterprise bargaining may be a thing of the past given that it appears more costly and time-consuming than putting pressure on employers to comply with the over-demanding labor law. The commission should act to avoid the occurrence of altering employment practices and the increased discouragement of employment of individuals who are in dire need. The chairman of Fair Work Commission should use his powers to ensure the safety net is comprehensively reviewed so that it can provide a fair go for all people. For the review to be useful, it needs to be based on an objective evaluation of the 21st-century social, economic circumstances. The chairman should ensure the law is amended to temporarily do away with the exorbitant penalties that puts too much pressure on employers and force them to focus on award compliance and BOOT compliance at the expense to economic productivity. The penalties can take effect when employees have understood what they need to do. Finally, FWA should give priority to employees views. In the case of Coles, 90 percent of employees voted up the Agreement, so it should not have been rejected on the grounds of technicality rather than a substantial value that it offered. References Better Off Overall Test (BOOT). (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://workplaceinfo.com.au/resources/employment-topics-a-z/better-off-overall-test-(boot) Brooke, P. A. (2016, June 25). Are your employees better off overall? Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=cae58e49-b709-46a7-b8a6-ab0b66dae9de Commercial law Australia. (2016, July 25). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.piperalderman.com.au/publications/employment-relations/article/8516 Coorey , P., Marin-GUnzman, D. (2017, February 23). Penalty rates reality riles labour club. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.afr.com/news/politics/penalty-rates-reality-riles-labor-club-20170223-gujrv6 Creighton, B., Stewart, A. (2010). Labour law. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. Dessler, G. (2012). Management and people: HRMG100. Fenches Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia. Ellison, M. (2012, October 29). Procedural requirements for enterprise bargaining - tips, tricks and pitfalls. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.minterellison.com/publications/procedural-requirements-for-enterprise-bargaining-201210hef/ Fair Work Commission cuts Sunday penalty rates. (2017, February 22). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/fair-work-commission-slashes-sunday-penalty-rates-public-holiday-rates-20170222-gujbi0 Kollmorgen, S., Naughton, R. (2009, May 13). The BOOT Practical Operation Of The Better Off Overall Test - Employment and HR - Australia. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/79602/employee rights labour relations/The BOOT Practical Operation Of The Better Off Overall Test Le Mare, N., Forsyth, A. (2016, July 7). The Coles Agreement Decision and What it Means for Enterprise Bargaining. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.corrs.com.au/publications/corrs-in-brief/the-coles-agreement-decision-and-what-it-means-for-enterprise-bargaining/ Mathur, S. S., Kenyon, A. (2008). Success in diversification: The filters and the better-off test. Creating Valuable Business Strategies, 175-184. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-8548-1.50022-5 Pallot, L. (2016, June 2). Russell Kennedy Lawyers. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.rk.com.au/insights/every-day-low-wages-when-not-all-employees-are-better-off-overall/ Stewart, A. (2011). Fair Work Australia: The Commission Reborn? Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(5), 563-577. doi:10.1177/0022185611419600 Stewart, A. (2011). Fair Work Australia and the Legacy of the Commission. Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(5), 551-555. doi:10.1177/0022185611419606 Tredwell, K., Silcock, J. (2016, June 15). Major Australian retailer struggles to give employees 'better off overall' under new agreement. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.hallandwilcox.com.au/major-australian-retailer-struggles-to-give-employees-better-off-overall-under-new-agreement/ Undertakings Insufficient as Agreement fails Better Off Overall Test. (2017, February 06). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://hallpayne.com.au/agreement-fails-better-off-overall-test/ United Voice v MSS Security Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 124 . (2016, August 23). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/html/2017fwcfb651.htm Watson, G. (2017, March 28). The entire Fair Work Acts award system is failing the "better off overall"test. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.afr.com/opinion/the-entire-fair-work-act-awards-system-is-failing-the-better-off-overall-test-20170327-gv7580 Winckworth, J. (2016, August 4). Coles the BOOT needs to fit all feet (not just the majority). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2016/august/coles-the-boot-needs-to-fit-all-feet-not-just-the-majority Winter, B., Smeaton, A. (2012, June 4). Paying above award? You still may be exposed. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.cgw.com.au/publication/paying-above-award-you-still-may-be-exposed/